Pathophysiology Questions
Explore questions in the Pathophysiology category that you can ask Spark.E!
Metastatic calcification:- Occurs in normal tissues with _____ - Elevated _____ hormone - Bone _____, due to the effects of accelerated turnover (Paget disease) or malignancies (multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma) - _____ _____-related disorders - _____ failure, phosphate retention (calcium phosphate) --> Secondary hyperparathyroidism (elevated parathyroid hormone)
Major components of acute inflammation:- _____ and increased blood flow - _____-mediated tissue injury - _____ activation
Chronic inflammation:- Macrophages have _____ function and initiate tissue repair and participate in _____ formation and fibrosis- Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a _____ way --> Activated macrophages activate T cells and, in turn, activated T cells activate macrophages
Granulomatous inflammation: - Chronic inflammation characterized by local _____ of activated _____, surrounded with lymphocytes and central _____- _____: mycobacterium tuberculosis --> granuloma (tubercle) with central necrosis- _____ disease (IBD): immune reaction against intestinal bacteria --> tissue reaction in wall of intestine
Dystrophic calcification:- Calcium deposits in injured or dead tissue, such as areas of _____ - Blood calcium is _____ (no hypercalcemia) - Dystrophic calcification of the aortic valves is an important cause of aortic stenosis in elderly persons
Vascular reactions in acute inflammation: - Changes in _____ _____ and caliber - _____ induced by histamine - _____ of blood flow - _____ accumulate along the endothelium - Increased _____ of vessels by _____ and endothelial _____
Apoptosis mechanism:- Apoptosis --> _____ --> Nuclear fragmentation and formation of _____ _____ --> _____ removal of apoptotic cells (does not elicit pro-inflammatory responses)
Which type of adaptation involves increased cell number?
Which term refers to an abnormally increased amount of substances caused by prolonged sublethal injury?
Which type of adaptation involves change from one mature cell type to another?
Which type of adaptation involves increased cell mass?
Which type of adaptation involves decreased cell mass?
Which term refers to programmed cell death where cells degrade their own DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the activation of caspases that can happen in only a few cells?
Apoptosis physiologic causes:- During _____- _____ of proliferative tissues (intestinal epithelium)- Involution of _____-dependent tissues (endometrium)- Decline of _____ numbers at the end of immune and inflammatory responses
Which term refers to a network of interstitial proteins that constitutes a significant proportion of any tissue and is involved in cell interactions that are critical for development and healing and for maintaining normal tissue architecture?
Which stage of the cell cycle is when the cell prepares for cell division, grows, and has molecules made for DNA synthesis?
Which type of necrosis involves cheese-like partially digested debris?
Which type of necrosis is caused by enzyme release that liquefies cells?
Which stage of the cell cycle is the state of cells that are terminally differentiated and will not undergo division?
Which stage of the cell cycle checks for errors in DNA replication after each phase?