Pathophysiology Questions

ALS etiology and pathophysiology:- Excessive _____ resulting in death of motor neurons (_____)- Inflammatory responses- Characterized by motor neuron _____ and death with _____- The spinal cord becomes _____

Cancer cachexia pathophysiology:- Reduced _____ intake/absorption- Cytokines, inflammation and _____ state- _____ and lipid mobilizing factor- Cancer _____ contribution- _____

Which mechanism of unlocking phenotypic plasticity?- Into different cell type- Ex. Barrett's esophagus

Inducing angiogenesis mechanism:- _____ --> _____ --> Turns on _____ --> Formation of new blood vessels

Polymorphic microbiomes mechanisms:- Hallmark-enabling _____ in the colonic epithelium (Ex. E. coli)- _____-producing bacteria, which is elevated in patients with colorectal cancer enhance colon tumorigenesis

Brain contusions:- Areas of injury with localized _____, _____, and _____ effect (bruise on the brain)- May delay recovery from a _____

Which term refers to HIV-1 infection inducing synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration that causes cognitive and behavioral deficits?

What are the 2 examples of loss of heterozygosity that is involved in evading growth suppressors?

Grading or Staging?- Based on the size of the primary tumor and extent of spread

Activating invasion and metastatic cascade mechanisms:- Invasion of the _____: detachment and loosening of intercellular junctions, ECM degredation by proteases, migration of tumor cells using cytokines and motility factors- _____ spread

Pyrogenic and Aseptic meningitis clinical features and pathophysiology:- _____: _____ affect the thermoregulatory neurons of the hypothalamus, changing the regulation of body temperature; invading viruses or bacteria produce exogenous substances (_____)- _____: bacterial exotoxins, cytokines, and increased ICP stimulate _____ in the meninges- _____ _____: flexion of the spine leads to stretching of the meninges- _____ _____ _____: increased ICP --> brain herniation --> damage to _____ (Ascending Reticular Activating System)- _____ / _____: increased ICP stimulates the vomiting center

Myelomeningocele or Closed spinal dysraphism?- Cleft in the vertebral column, with a defect in the skin --> Meninges and spinal cord are exposed

MS immunopathology:- Begins as an inflammatory _____-_____ disorder- _____ form a complex with the activated _____ cells --> Destruction of _____ and _____- Areas of CNS affected are referred to as “lesions” or “plaques”

Which term refers to a sequelae of mild TBI that is a dementing illness that develops after repeated head trauma?

Myelomeningocele or Closed spinal dysraphism?- Cleft in the vertebral column, without a skin defect, and neural tissue is not exposed

TIA clinical symptoms:- Transient monocular _____- _____ or dysarthria- Hemianopia- _____ and/or hemisensory loss

Vascular dementia pathophysiology:- Brain _____ or loss of vascular integrity with _____ disrupts normal brain function and causes cognitive impairment

HAND neuroinflammation mechanisms:- Direct infection of _____- _____ impairment- _____ and cytokines release

Which type of cerebral edema?- Potentially reversible increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial membrane injury due to hypoxia or ischemia

Which type of hemorrhagic hemorrhage?- Caused by hypertension, trauma, illicit drug use