Medicine Questions
Explore questions in the Medicine category that you can ask Spark.E!
Degree of ionization, relative lipid solubility of (un)ionized forms, solubility at absorption site, molecular size
it is the "functionalisation" of the drug. Usually lowering the pharma activity. includes oxidation, reduction and/or hydrolysis.
Transfer of simple moieties (methyl, acetyl, sulfate, etc.) to a heteroatom (N, O, or S) on target drug. These rxns are extremely polar.
Lipid solubility. (the diffusion rate proportional to magnitude of concentration gradient and lipid:water partition.)Non Polar or ionized molecules are essentially impermeable to cell membranes Size of molecule (smaller is better)
Only in orally administered drugs. they are absorbed in small intestine through intestinal epithelial cells, travel in portal vein to liver where they undergo significant biotransformation prior to reaching systemic circulation. (As liver contains most drug metabolizing enzymes)
Cytochrome P450 superfamily (Ancesteral gene), has broad range of substrates (57).
Conjugation of drugs making them polar and possibly inactive. (Polarization makes excretion easier)
Codeine -> morphine (CYP2D6)Enalapril -> Enalprilat (ACEi)Prednisone -> prednisolone (Immunosepressive)
Promoters of CYP genes respond to certain drugs and pollutants. increased expression of detoxifying activity, increased production of toxic metabolites (paracetamol).
Co-administration of 2 substrates for 1 CYP enzyme results in competition. (Cyclosporine and grapefruit juice for CYP3A4)Non competitive inhibitors of CYP (Ketoconazole (Nizoral))
CYP1-primarily metabolize carcinogensCYP2-metabolize many important drugsCYP3 (most abundant it liver)- Metabolize many important drugs
What medication is used to treat psychiatric disorders?
A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that involves some drug overdoses is called what?
If a patient has xerstomia, you would give him what drug
atients with Myasthenia gravis should not be given irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors because neostigmine occupies the enzyme, and the irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors would not function describes what
which quad muscle is the primary stabilizer of the patella
reflex tachycardia can result from administration of cholinergic agents that describes what
What drug is a depolarizing skeletal musclerelaxant used as an adjunct during general anesthesia, during intubation, and mechanical ventilation
Is the parotid gland innervated by the PANS or SANS or both
______ is so toxic that one drop on skin is rapidly fatal