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Evolutions du mode de vie des Touaregs (sédentarisation, territorialisation du désert avec des frontières et surtout discrimination par le Sud Mali noir) subies font naître un mouvement indépendantiste avec le MNLA (Mvt Nal de L° de l'Azawad, « terre de transhumance ») qui fait alliance avec djihadistes au Mali. Alliance conjoncturelle et opportuniste.

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