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Chaque sous-unité de tubuline contient une molécule de guanosine triphosphate, le GTP, mais seul la sous-unité béta a une activité GTPasique qui est capable d'hydrolyser le GTP en GDP. Le dimère de tubuline portant le GTP, a une forte affinité pour le protofilament et va s'assembler spontanément. Cependant au moment de l'assemblage du dimère il y a hydrolyse du GTP en GDP ce qui diminue l'affinité des liaisons entre les éléments et provoque la courbure du protofilament. Ce changement conformationnel induit une déstabilisation du microtubule et une dépolymérisation avec libération dans le cytoplasme du dimère GDP. Dans le cytoplasme, le GDP de la sous-unité béta peut être échangé contre une molécule de GTP ce qui réinitialise le dimère de tubuline qui peut à nouveau être disponible pour une nouvelle étape de polymérisation.

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